These changes give about a 10% speed-up in this function. The significant changes are:
1. Simplify the if logic to remove unnecssary cases.
2. Dont pass default argument values to htmlspecialchars, just using the
defaults is faster.
3. I can confirm that /i regex is faster than the equivalent regex without the i.
I also added more unit tests to test the edge cases.
Includes:
* constants refactoring
* reworked db table init
* support for $CFG->debug = -1
* functional DB tests
* fixed $DB->get_indexes() to not throw exceptions when table does not exist
* fix handling of user passwords in test db
* add debug info to exception messages
* removed unnecessary PHP debug errors from mathslib
* fixed @error suppression in get_string
* fixed PHPUnit error handler setup
* added timezone info to default install
